The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Temporomandibular Disorders

Dr Sivitra Sivarajan
Perth Oral Medicine and Dental Sleep Centre

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TMDs encompass a range of conditions that affect the temporomandibular joints and the associated muscles, leading to pain and functional impairments. Common symptoms and signs include jaw pain, jaw locking, limited jaw movement, and headache.

The risk factors for TMDs are multifactorial. Biological, psychological and social factors contribute to these risk factors. Recent research suggests that the stress and anxiety heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted the prevalence and severity of TMD. There have been theories on why this has occurred
and these include:

Increased stress and anxiety
The pandemic has been a major source of psychosocial stress due to health concerns, economic instability, and social isolation. Studies have shown a strong correlation between increased stress levels and TMD symptoms. Elevated stress during the pandemic has been associated with a rise in sleep and awake bruxism, which can exacerbate TMD.

Changes in daily routines
Lockdowns and remote work arrangements have led to extended screen time and poor posture, contributing to muscular strain. Prolonged computer use and inadequate ergonomic setups during the pandemic have worsened musculoskeletal disorders in general, including TMD.

Altered access to dental care
The pandemic resulted in a significant reduction in non-urgent dental visits. Many individuals postponed necessary dental treatments due to health concerns and lockdowns, potentially leading to the worsening of untreated TMD.

Economic stressors
Financial difficulties have been a major stressor for many during the pandemic. Economic strain has been linked to increased muscle tension and bruxism, further exacerbating TMD.

Strategies for Managing TMD related the pandemic requires a multimodal approach. These may include:

Stress management
Incorporating techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, and regular physical activity can help alleviate stress and its impact on TMD.

Ergonomic adjustments
Improving posture and taking frequent breaks from screens are essential for reducing muscular strain. Ergonomic interventions have been shown to alleviate musculoskeletal issues associated with prolonged computer use.

Dental care
Maintaining regular dental visits and treatments is crucial for managing TMD early and effectively.

Physiotherapy
Engaging in jaw physiotherapy and targeted jaw exercises can enhance jaw function and relieve pain. Physiotherapy plays a key role in managing TMD signs and symptoms.

Healthy eating
Adopting a balanced diet and consuming softer foods can reduce strain on the jaw. Nutritional adjustments can support overall management of TMD.

In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored and intensified various health issues, including TMD. Understanding the interplay between the pandemic and TMD is crucial for developing effective management strategies. By addressing stress, improving daily routines, ensuring regular dental care and making lifestyle adjustments, individuals can better manage their TMD during periods of significant stress and challenging times. Ongoing research and heightened awareness will be essential in addressing the long-term effects of the pandemic on temporomandibular disorders as well as oral health and overall health and wellbeing.

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References

Li, D. T. S., & Leung, Y. Y. (2021). Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Concepts and Controversies in Diagnosis and Management. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 11(3), 459.

Balasubramaniam, R., Patel, J., Shanmugasundaram, K., & Singer, S. R. (2024). The Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Other Emerging Infections on Dentistry. Dental clinics of North America, 68(4), 627–646.